Associated conditions include: open-angle glaucoma or various systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, systemic hypertension or atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.Nonischemic CRVO is characterized by less than 10 disc areas of retinal capillary nonperfusion.Ischemic CRVO is characterized by at least 10 disc areas of retinal capillary nonperfusion on the posterior pole.Marked hypofluorescence in all the four quadrants, consistent with the blocking effect of retinal hemorrhages.Delayed retinal vascular filling and marked increased retinal arteriovenous transit time.The fundoscopic findings in nonischemic CRVO are relatively milder than the changes seen in ischemic CRVO.Collateral optociliary shunt vessels can develop.A relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) can be present in ischemic CRVO.Optic disc edema, macular edema, and retinal thickening.Marked dilated and tortuous retinal vessels.Widespread retinal hemorrhages in all four quadrants, which vary in appearance from a small-scattered retinal hemorrhages to marked confluent hemorrhages.Symptoms: sudden, unilateral, painless visual loss that can range from better than 20/400 in non-ischemic eyes to 20/400 or worse in ischemic eyes.The second eye can develop vein occlusion in 6-17% of cases.Two clinical types: perfused (nonischemic) - 75%, and nonperfused (ischemic) - 25%.Patients are usually 50 years or older, but it can occur in younger patients. CRVO is the second most common retinal vascular disorder.
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